A three-judge panel of the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit rejected Trump’s claim that he cannot be prosecuted because the allegations relate to his official responsibilities as president.

“We cannot accept that the office of the presidency places its former occupants above the law for all time thereafter,” the unanimous panel wrote.

The court concluded that any executive immunity that may have shielded Trump from criminal charges while he served as president “no longer protects him against this prosecution”.

The ruling, which Trump vowed to appeal, rebuffs his attempt to avoid a trial on charges that he undermined US democracy and the transfer of power, even as he consolidates his position as the frontrunner for the Republican presidential nomination.

A Trump campaign spokesman said the ruling “threatens the bedrock of our republic”.

“Without complete immunity, a President of the United States would not be able to properly function!” spokesman Steven Cheung said in a statement.

He said Trump would appeal but did not say whether he would first ask the full DC Circuit Court to review the ruling or go directly to the US Supreme Court.

A representative for Special Counsel Jack Smith, who is leading the prosecution, declined to comment.

The case will remain paused until at least Monday to give Trump time to appeal to the US Supreme Court.

Trump’s lawyers argued that former presidents were entitled to sweeping legal protections and could not be criminally prosecuted for official actions unless first impeached by the House of Representatives and removed from office by the Senate.

Trump was impeached twice by the House but each time Senate Republicans cast sufficient votes to acquit him of the charges.

Judges homed in on the broad nature of Trump’s claim at a January 9 hearing, questioning a Trump lawyer over whether even a president who ordered military commandos to assassinate a political rival could escape criminal prosecution without initial action by Congress.

The panel wrote in its ruling that giving Trump immunity in this case would give presidents “unbounded authority to commit crimes that would neutralise the most fundamental check on executive power – the recognition and implementation of election results”.

The judges concluded there was no “functional justification” for giving former presidents full protection from federal prosecution even over actions related to their formal responsibilities.

Trump has repeatedly voiced his immunity claim on the campaign trail and social media, warning that his future administration could prosecute President Joe Biden, his likely opponent in the November election, if he returned to the White House.

The indictment brought by Smith accuses Trump of using false claims of voter fraud to pressure state lawmakers, Justice Department officials and then-vice president Mike Pence to thwart the certification of the election results.

It is one four criminal cases facing Trump and one of two alleging interference in the 2020 election.

Trump has pleaded not guilty to four felony counts and accused prosecutors of a politically motivated effort to damage his campaign.

The immunity argument was previously rejected by US District Judge Tanya Chutkan in December, prompting Trump to appeal.

His appeals have already delayed the start of his trial, which had been scheduled to begin on March 4.

Chutkan has removed that date from the court calendar and not yet set a new start date.

If Trump wins the election, he could seek to pardon himself or direct the Justice Department to shut down the case.

– AAP